International Journal of Social Science Research (IJSSR)

The Evolution of Electoral Politics in India Since Independence

Since gaining independence in 1947, India has established itself as the world’s largest democracy, navigating the complexities of a vast and diverse electorate. Electoral politics in India is not merely a mechanism for choosing representatives but a reflection of the country's social, economic, and cultural fabric. With a population of over 1.4 billion, representing numerous religions, castes, languages, and regional identities, India’s electoral system has been a remarkable experiment in democratic governance. The Constitution of India enshrined universal adult suffrage, granting the right to vote to all citizens above the age of 21 (later reduced to 18), regardless of their caste, gender, or economic status. This bold move, in a largely illiterate and impoverished society at the time, underscored the commitment of India’s leaders to establish a participatory democracy that would empower every citizen. The electoral journey of India has been marked by significant milestones, each adding a new layer of complexity and character to its political landscape. The first General Election in 1951-52 was a logistical marvel, introducing millions to the practice of voting. This was a period of Congress dominance under Jawaharlal Nehru, whose leadership was pivotal in shaping the early years of the nation. However, as India’s democracy matured, the political landscape diversified, giving rise to regional parties, coalition governments, and issue-based politics. Electoral politics evolved to reflect the changing aspirations of the people, influenced by factors such as economic liberalization, social justice movements, and the rise of technology in campaigning.